major_kerina | Catching up on my Grammar Work

I knew something was wrong when the book work didn't match up with the lectures. The lectures got updated. Sooo...I'm gonna go back over and review my notes.

The introductory lecture is about the same. No changes I can see...

But that first one...is also the same.

Okay, maybe I just got mixed up

Okays! Sounds of English. Which makes a lot more sense than the intro...

Done with articulatory phonetics (maybe). Now to describe the sounds of English.
Inventory - Consonants (three means of describing them, previously noted) and vowel (tongue manner) :-p thith ith vowel work!

But not consonants - review. State of the glottis - voiced or voiceless. Vibration or no vibration. Many in pairs. 2nd was place of articulation - where it was made (t - alveolar, c-wedge - alveolar palatal X_X).3rd - how the sound is produced. Affricatives and Fricatives. Now! We have the power...to describe all consonants...

VL = Voiceless and VD = Voiced, not a consonant with venereal disease
Yay! List!!!!!!
STOPS (in the name of English)
/p/ VL bilabial stop
/t/ VL alveolar stop
/k/ VL velar  stop
/b/ VD bilabial stop
/d/ VD alveolar stop
/g/ VD velar  stop

All in voiced and voiceless pairs - only obstruents are paired - sonorants and vowels voiced.

Affricates (Frick 'em)

/c-wedge/ (c with a hat thingie) VL   alveopalatal affricate
/j-wedge/ (j with a hat thingie) VD   alveopalatal affricate

hat/carrots are only alveopalatal sounds

Voiceless Fricatives (Double frick)
/Theta/ VL interdental  fricative (th) - thin
/f/ VL labiodental  fricative
/s/ VL alveolar  fricative
/s-wedge/ VL alveopalatal  fricative
/h/ VL glottal   fricative
H is all alone! Poor H! It has no pair to go with it!

Voiced Fricatives (so many letters...)

/eta/eth/ VD interdental  fricative (this that them those)
/v/ VD labiodental  fricative (vote)
/z/ VD alveolar  fricative (zoo)
/z-wedge/ VD alveopalatal   fricative (measure)

Stops affricates and fricatives (obstruents) - last of the voiceless

Nasals! (Hello niiiice lady!)
The nasals of English
/m/ VD bilabial nasal (moth)
/n/ VD alveolar nasal (no!)
/eng/ VD velar  nasal (only occurs after vowel - sing sang strong)

The liquids of English (LIQUID! SNAAAAAAAKE!)
/l/ VD alveolar lateral liquid (lost)
/r/ VD alveolar retroflex liquid (arched tongue) (rust)
The two aren't that different. Just a little tongue difference.

The glides of English (on a wing and a prayer!)
/w/ VD labial velar  glide (no hyphen - labial...velar...two places of articulation - rounded lips (first sound - velar). With a vowel - West.
/j/ (actually Y) VD palatal  glide - no friction - YES!

All 24 consonants!
Onto vowels! Vowels have minimal constriction. Japan has voiceless vowels but they're not common. Mostly voiced. Changing the vocal tract. Height of the tongue!

Three levels of height - high, med, low.
High - /i/ (sound e) (beat)
Mid - /e/ (sound a) (bait)
Low - /ae (Aet!) (sound aaaaaa) (hat)
E! A! AH! (jaw drops)

Tongue advancement perimeter - thinking tongue is mid-central - front and back vowels (fronting or retracting from resting).
Three degrees of advancement
Front (E! -and high) - Central (short u (upsidedown v) - cut) - Back (U) - boot. E UH OO!

Third perimeter - tenseness - Tough to describe - so you have front and back but some are more peripheral - more extended - you need to tense your tongue - weightlifting for tongues! *flexes* -
Four of them
E again ((/i/ (sound e) (beat))
A again ((/e/ (sound a) (bait))
(U) /u/ - Boot again - oooo (like eww)
(O) /o/ - boat (like OH!)

Rounded vowels (last perimeter) - lips become round - One round consonant (W). Four rounded vowels (non-low, back vowels)
(U) /u/ - Boot again - oooo (like eww)
(horseshoe u) - could would should
(O) /o/ - boat (like OH!)
(backwards C) - caught - guoat - usually said weird due to dialect on the west coast
Practice - booooot should boat

Now some vowel tic-tac-toe
Notes - Those four perimeters - the chart quadrants - high front - mid front - low front - high central - mid central - low central - high back - mid back - low back vowels (9). Two in some and one is more peripheral - one of them are more tense - rounded ones are high and mid backed.

High Front -
top - long e /i/ (beat) - high front tense un-rounded vowel. - tense
/I/ (short i) - (bit) - high front lax un-rounded vowel - lax

High Back -
highest - long u /u/ (boot/loot) - high back tense rounded vowel - TENSE.
lower-central - horseshoe u - (could would should) - high back lax rounded vowel - lax.

Mid Front -
most peripheral - long a /e/ (bait fate) - mid front tense un-rounded vowel.
short e (cursive looking e) (bet) - mid front lax un-round vowel. Tense changes.

Mid Central vowels
upsidedown e - important - shwa! - shortest vowel - all unstressed syllables (sorta) - elephant (middle sound unstressed)
upsidedown e with a tail (rotosized - R-colored) - the vowel has a superimposed R sound (short - hurt is rotosized)

Mid Back vowels
higher - long o /o/ (goat) - mid back tense rounded vowel
lower-central - backwards C - mid back lax rounded vowel (caught) - New Yawker sound

Low Front vowel
short a (ae) (fat hat rat) - low front lax unrounded vowel

Low Central vowel
upsidedown V - short u - (cut rust) - low central lax unrounded vowel

Low Back vowel
short o /a/ - (lost) low back lax unrounded vowel

13 there - simple vowels
Now the Diphthrongs - complex vowels - they are vowels which change quality in the same syllable - produced with tongue movement - multiple positions.
First part is more prominent - tongue movement - symbolized with the vowel closest to it - 2nd closest to where it ends.
Three of them! (YAY! Only three!)

FIRST! - /aj/ or ay - long I (hide I slight) - iiiiiiieeeeeeee (said)
Low back start (/a/) - high front end (/i/ /j/)

Second - /oj/ (oye!) - mid back start (/o/) ends high front (/i/ /j/) - (boy voyager hoist) - oooooyeee

Third - /aw/ (OW!) - low back (/a/) start end in a high back (w? glide u) - (cow about spout)

Now practice (I'm gonna have practice answers in here too for convenience)
Transcription - using the the symbols from practice for sounds to transcribe the words.
Exercises - of a limerick
A tutor who tooted the flute,
Tried to tutor two tutors to toot
Said the two to the tutor, 'Is it harder to toot, or to tutor two tutors to toot?'

And my fav - Robert Frost's Fire and Ice
Some say the world will end in fire;
Some say in ice.
From what I've tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.
But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To know that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice.

And finally
A White Rose
THE red rose whispers of passion,
And the white rose breathes of love;
O, the red rose is a falcon,
And the white rose is a dove.

But I send you a cream-white rosebud
With a flush on its petal tips;
For the love that is purest and sweetest
Has a kiss of desire on the lips
John Boyle O'Reilly