Okay...one more lecture for now...
Jan. 23rd, 2009 04:30 pm![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
major_kerinaOnto Phonotactics (Sounds like an interesting SRPG ^^)
How sounds are put together...
Phonotactics refers to the construction of permissible sequences of segments.
Just because a language has an inventory of segments, it does not mean that the segments can be combined in any particular manner. (RULES, PEOPLE!) - S and T (stop and steam). Z and B but no ZBs.
The best approach to study sequences of segments is to analyze the syllable structure of monosyllabic words.
One syllable words!
The syllable consists of three constituents: the nucleus, the onset, and the coda.
The nucleus is---
Different classes of sounds have different degrees of sonority ---- vowels > consonantal sonorants (liquids, glides and nasals) > obstruents (stops, fricatives, and affricates)
The nucleus of the syllable is generally a vowel as vowels are the most sonorant of all sounds.
Sometimes a consonantal sonorant can be the nucleus of a syllable (but not always...not in Spanish).
These consonants that can be nuclei are called syllabic consonants.
rubble [r¿bl`] (the L) - Two syllables but only one vowel pronounced -
button [b¿tn`] (The N) - Two syllables but only one vowel pronounced - The tongue stays in the same position for T and N (N must be a syllabic consonant - when unstressed.
Only liquids and nasals can be syllabic consonants.
They can only be syllabic consonants when they occur in unstressed syllables.
In Spanish however - every syllable must have a constituted vowel and will add vowels to these words. And it works visa versa.
The onset.
The coda.
Syllables with both onsets and codas normally have a rise in sonority from the onset through the nucleus and a fall in sonority from the nucleus though the coda
like so
Universal Canonical Syllable Structure - Not an absolute though...some languages violate it (REBELS!)...like English (example - Stamp - S (fricative) ...P (plosive). More non-violators than violators.
Plosive (affricates and stops name for)
Onset has a rising order. Coda has a falling order.
Syllable structure conditions define the permissible onsets and codas in a language.
One-member onsets (one is the loneliest) (one consonants - 23) -One-member onsets can consist of all sounds in English except for /eng/ (only a coda).
Two-member onsets (is company!) - There are two conditions for defining two-member onsets in English.
An obstruent (stop, affricate, fricative) + a non-nasal consonantal sonorant (liquids, glides)
black flip free
drip trip brick
/s/ + consonantal sonorant (nasal, liquid or glide) or another voiceless obstruent.
smoke snow slow
stop speak skim
can't have - *s-eng (only coda) *sr (not in English...Shrimp though not Srimp)
Three-member onsets (a crowd) (reminder - j is y)
/s/ + voiceless stop (p t or k) + non-nasal consonantal sonorant (liquid or glide).
Only eight of twelve possibilities occur.
street /str/ split /spl/
scream /skr/ spring /spr/
squeal /skw/ spew /spj/
skew /skj/ sclerosis /skl/
English does not have four-member onsets.
One-member codas
All sounds can occur but /h/. (hurrah doesn't count)
The rest of the syllable structure conditions for codas in English are so complicated that they will not be given.
English allows longer codas than onsets which is unusual for the world’s languages (it's special). (only ConsonantVowel some)
English can have four-member codas.
example - twelfths /-lfTs\
Though vowels are generally the nuclei of syllables, not all vowels can appear in every type of syllable.
A closed syllable is one that has a coda, and any vowel in English can occur in a closed syllable.
[haet] (Hat) [mEt] (Met) [lId] (Lid) [lat] (Lot [lupsidedownVk] (Luck) [nid] (Need)
[med] (mead) [lod] (load) [krud] (crude) [haed] (heard) [wUd] (wood)
Open syllables are those that do not have a coda.
A restricted number of vowels appear in open syllables.
All tensed vowels including the diphthongs can appear in open syllables. Mostly lax ones with tense versions can't (short I short E horseshoe U, backwards C).
A few lax vowels can also appear including \upsidedown E (shwa)\, \upsidedown E with a tail (rotosized vowel)\ and \a (short O)\.
Some that cannot appear are lax vowels that have tensed counterparts.
/hi/ */hI/ (he but not Heh)
/pe/ */p(weird E)/ Pay but Peh
/bu/ */b(horseshoe)/ bu but not buh
/ro/ */r(backwards C)/ row but not rohl
Other lax vowels do not appear in open syllables.
/ae (short a)\
/upsidedown V (short u)\
Pronounce the following words:
Nkomo
Dmitri
Zgusta
Gdansk
When speakers of a language are confronted by a syllable structure disallowed in their native language, they will modify it so that it conforms to acceptable syllable structure (shwa usually added).
The most prevalent types of modification are deletion (removing the sound that doesn't fit) and epenthesis, the insertion of a reduced vowel.
Most English speakers use epenthesis to separate the first two consonants on the words previously given Nkomo, Dmitri, Zgusta, Gdansk.
Even though all these underlined segments occur in English, the combinations do not.
Native speakers of English modify the onsets because they violate the syllable structure conditions of the language.
Eschool and Estamp - a Spanish-to-English rule fix attempt.
THE END!!! One more lecture! Spelling Patterns is the last one! And it's short!!! *gleeee*
Oh wait...no it's not X_X...these two were short...this next one is longer...damn...
How sounds are put together...
Phonotactics refers to the construction of permissible sequences of segments.
Just because a language has an inventory of segments, it does not mean that the segments can be combined in any particular manner. (RULES, PEOPLE!) - S and T (stop and steam). Z and B but no ZBs.
The best approach to study sequences of segments is to analyze the syllable structure of monosyllabic words.
One syllable words!
The syllable consists of three constituents: the nucleus, the onset, and the coda.
The nucleus is---
- The only mandatory constituent of a syllable (you need it).
- The nucleus is the sonority peak of the syllable.
- Sonority refers to the loudness of a sound when length, stress, and pitch are held constant. ( vowels are the loudest)
Different classes of sounds have different degrees of sonority ---- vowels > consonantal sonorants (liquids, glides and nasals) > obstruents (stops, fricatives, and affricates)
The nucleus of the syllable is generally a vowel as vowels are the most sonorant of all sounds.
Sometimes a consonantal sonorant can be the nucleus of a syllable (but not always...not in Spanish).
These consonants that can be nuclei are called syllabic consonants.
rubble [r¿bl`] (the L) - Two syllables but only one vowel pronounced -
button [b¿tn`] (The N) - Two syllables but only one vowel pronounced - The tongue stays in the same position for T and N (N must be a syllabic consonant - when unstressed.
Only liquids and nasals can be syllabic consonants.
They can only be syllabic consonants when they occur in unstressed syllables.
In Spanish however - every syllable must have a constituted vowel and will add vowels to these words. And it works visa versa.
The onset.
- An onset consists of all consonants before the nucleus in the same syllable.
- The onset is less sonorant than the nucleus.
The coda.
- A coda consists of all consonants after the nucleus in the same syllable.
- The coda is less sonorant than the nucleus.
Syllables with both onsets and codas normally have a rise in sonority from the onset through the nucleus and a fall in sonority from the nucleus though the coda
like so Universal Canonical Syllable Structure - Not an absolute though...some languages violate it (REBELS!)...like English (example - Stamp - S (fricative) ...P (plosive). More non-violators than violators.
Plosive (affricates and stops name for)
Onset has a rising order. Coda has a falling order.
Syllable structure conditions define the permissible onsets and codas in a language.
One-member onsets (one is the loneliest) (one consonants - 23) -One-member onsets can consist of all sounds in English except for /eng/ (only a coda).
Two-member onsets (is company!) - There are two conditions for defining two-member onsets in English.
An obstruent (stop, affricate, fricative) + a non-nasal consonantal sonorant (liquids, glides)
black flip free
drip trip brick
/s/ + consonantal sonorant (nasal, liquid or glide) or another voiceless obstruent.
smoke snow slow
stop speak skim
can't have - *s-eng (only coda) *sr (not in English...Shrimp though not Srimp)
Three-member onsets (a crowd) (reminder - j is y)
/s/ + voiceless stop (p t or k) + non-nasal consonantal sonorant (liquid or glide).
Only eight of twelve possibilities occur.
street /str/ split /spl/
scream /skr/ spring /spr/
squeal /skw/ spew /spj/
skew /skj/ sclerosis /skl/
English does not have four-member onsets.
One-member codas
All sounds can occur but /h/. (hurrah doesn't count)
The rest of the syllable structure conditions for codas in English are so complicated that they will not be given.
English allows longer codas than onsets which is unusual for the world’s languages (it's special). (only ConsonantVowel some)
English can have four-member codas.
example - twelfths /-lfTs\
Though vowels are generally the nuclei of syllables, not all vowels can appear in every type of syllable.
A closed syllable is one that has a coda, and any vowel in English can occur in a closed syllable.
[haet] (Hat) [mEt] (Met) [lId] (Lid) [lat] (Lot [lupsidedownVk] (Luck) [nid] (Need)
[med] (mead) [lod] (load) [krud] (crude) [haed] (heard) [wUd] (wood)
Open syllables are those that do not have a coda.
A restricted number of vowels appear in open syllables.
All tensed vowels including the diphthongs can appear in open syllables. Mostly lax ones with tense versions can't (short I short E horseshoe U, backwards C).
A few lax vowels can also appear including \upsidedown E (shwa)\, \upsidedown E with a tail (rotosized vowel)\ and \a (short O)\.
Some that cannot appear are lax vowels that have tensed counterparts.
/hi/ */hI/ (he but not Heh)
/pe/ */p(weird E)/ Pay but Peh
/bu/ */b(horseshoe)/ bu but not buh
/ro/ */r(backwards C)/ row but not rohl
Other lax vowels do not appear in open syllables.
/ae (short a)\
/upsidedown V (short u)\
Pronounce the following words:
Nkomo
Dmitri
Zgusta
Gdansk
When speakers of a language are confronted by a syllable structure disallowed in their native language, they will modify it so that it conforms to acceptable syllable structure (shwa usually added).
The most prevalent types of modification are deletion (removing the sound that doesn't fit) and epenthesis, the insertion of a reduced vowel.
Most English speakers use epenthesis to separate the first two consonants on the words previously given Nkomo, Dmitri, Zgusta, Gdansk.
Even though all these underlined segments occur in English, the combinations do not.
Native speakers of English modify the onsets because they violate the syllable structure conditions of the language.
Eschool and Estamp - a Spanish-to-English rule fix attempt.
THE END!!! One more lecture! Spelling Patterns is the last one! And it's short!!! *gleeee*
Oh wait...no it's not X_X...these two were short...this next one is longer...damn...
